The Creation and Collection of Guan Kiln Porcelain in Northern Song Dynasty

“The porcelain of the king is the artifact of the community.” The Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain is the creation of the highest aesthetic pursuit of the “Artist” Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty. It not only created a precedent for the imperial porcelain, but also because of its “turtleback, blood pattern,” The beauty of the elegant iron-on-yellow feet and warm jade is light and long. According to statistics, in the more than 20 Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain collections of the Taipei Imperial Palace Museum, more than ten inscriptions have been made by Emperor Qianlong. It can be seen that the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain continues to receive top royal courtesies in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

However, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the traditional “five famous kilns” of the four kiln mouths of the five famous kilns had been restored to fire, and high imitations became more and more scary, the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln However, the site is still deeply sleeping under the yellow mud in Kaifeng City, and it is unknown and unknown. In the end, the rekindling of the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln fires made He Haozhuang, a master of Chinese folk arts and crafts, and his high imitations were also referred to by experts as the “Ho Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain”.

Confused: He was ordered to enter the 1980s, but because of the rekindling of the other four fires in the “Five Famous Kilns”, the leaders of the State Economic and Trade Commission visited Henan and asked for a request to re-fire the Northern Song Dynasty kiln. , Kaifeng Second Light Industry Bureau then put the task under the Ho Ho Zhuang where the arts and crafts experimental factory.

“Looks like a lucky coincidence, but when I look back, I find that I have spent more than 30 years in my life. It seems that I have foreshadowed this foreshadowing.” He Haozhuang said, “Kaifeng is The ancient capital of seven dynasties was rich in culture, and from the Song Dynasty, many people liked to collect antiques, and our family and ancestors loved porcelain for generations. Like my grandfather’s collection of kiln porcelain, there were several hundred teapots. Every flower pattern is different. I grew up playing with these objects and I have a special feeling for the porcelain.” Even at the time of “**”, the Tibetan porcelain was looted and He Haozhuang competed with the Red Guards for a His favorite purple bottle was beaten without fear. After entering the factory of arts and crafts experiment, He Haozhuang himself not only painted Chinese paintings, but also organized the paintings of modern and contemporary masters of the country to work during the “Canton Fair”. At that time, He Haozhuang had the privilege of having access to the original works of Li Keran, Li Kuuzen, and Cheng Shifa, and his artistic accomplishment was further enhanced.

In addition, before He Haozhuang entered the arts and crafts experimental plant, the factory had tried to burn ceramics for daily use. When the formula was not scientifically researched, it would be burned up. As a result, the financial resources and resources of the entire plant were almost reached. No complete porcelain tire was seen. Therefore, many people in the factory were left with an awkward task this time. He Haozhuang did not have the psychological burden in this area. However, He Haozhuang, who actually took over the task, could not help but startled. It turned out that the beauty of the Northern Song Dynasty has deeply shocked the world. Institutions and researchers in Germany, Japan, the United States, Singapore, and other countries have spared no effort in cracking the codes of the Northern Song Dynasty. "At that time, a German ceramics and technology school developed a high imitation of the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain bowl bowl, which sold in the market very expensive." This inspired He Haozhuang's fighting spirit, his sense of mission is even stronger.

However, where to start to restore the firing of the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain, it is a large mountain in front of the eyes.

Exploration: The selfless offering of ceramics old artists The ground of the Song Dynasty Kaifeng city has been buried under the flood of the Yellow River once and for all time under 78 meters, and the porcelain tiles excavated from the kiln mouth, like other famous porcelains, were chemically analyzed to obtain formulas. The road is unworkable, He Haozhuang has only another way.

The documentary records of the original "Bureaucrats", which makes He Haozhuang brighten up, so he took his colleagues and began to visit the enamel and enamel master. I heard that the Southern Song Dynasty in Hangzhou was restored to firing. He immediately moved to Jiangnan, but he did not know what to eat. “The porcelain factory leader who was firing the Southern Song official porcelain at that time said that other workshops are free to visit, but official porcelain cannot.”

The frustrated He Haozhuang did not stop. He learned that the restoration and firing of Guanxi Porcelain of the Southern Song Dynasty was completed by the Xiaoshan Porcelain Factory and the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (now the China Academy of Art), and immediately went to the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts. “Deng Bai and Gao Jianxin gave us a lot of historical inheritance and knowledge of the official porcelain. They also took us to visit the experimental kiln mouth and suggested that we visit Jingdezhen where the imperial kiln factory in the Ming and Qing Dynasties may also have imitation Northern Song Dynasty officials. porcelain."

In Jingdezhen, He Haozhuang finally met Wu Changming, an 80-year-old man who had three generations of imitation officials, monks and brothers. He was already the ninth generation descendant of the Wu family. In order to protect the porcelain family, the “**” was destroyed. Seeing that He Haozhuang is so persistent, Wu Changming will hand over the official porcelain recipe to He Haozhuang's hands in the hope that the Northern Song Dynasty will return to his hometown.

The recipe for the elderly does not completely solve the problem. “Jingdezhen’s porcelain clay is kaolin, and burned is white tires, while Henan's china clay is not pure kaolin, contains iron and other trace elements, and the carcass is gray-brown. It also affects the glaze and opening films. Our formula is also We must continue to explore, but the secret of the elderly still gives us the most important message - the enamel of the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain must be as thick and shiny as jade."

Succeeded: The splendid reproduction of the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain art is like pointing lights. With reference to the formula composition of the enamel porcelain and the modeling features of the Southern Song Dynasty official porcelain, He Haozhuang took the greatest effort to break through the enamel. “The thickness of the glaze directly affects the jade texture of the Northern Song Dynasty Guanzi Porcelain. I found that the enamel tires are relatively thin, and when the glaze is thicker and more fired, it is easy to deglaze. So I borrowed the enamel to make the tire thicker. At the same time, first burn it again, and then dip the glaze. The tire is soaked once in the glaze tank and comes out to be slightly aired and then dipped. This time, the glaze is repeated three times. After the baptism of fire, a small round bubble crystal is formed in the glaze. Scattering the light, it feels like jade.” He Haozhuang said, “In order to be realistic, our high imitations are as heavy as possible, follow the example, and will also buy scraps and grinds from the jade factory. Glaze."

After more than a thousand days of exploration, in 1984, He Haozhuang felt that contemporary Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain should meet the requirements for identification. Experts have argued that there is no support for the ceramic tile kiln site, how to determine this is the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain? After listening to this hard-to-conclude statement, He Haozhuang was guilty of having a heart attack and was directly left behind. Because the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln site has been excavated, in order to appraise the meeting will be held as scheduled, He Haozhuang finally agreed to the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain appraisal's "North" word reluctantly abandoned, changed to the song official porcelain appraisal meeting. When experts from various Beijing ministries and museums of the Chinese History (now the National Museum of China (microblogging)) and other major museums entered the exhibition room, they were fully aware of the official tastes of the Northern Song Dynasty and had to admit that this was a Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain art kingdom. In the end, Feng Xianming, Fu Zhenlun, Li Zhiying and other well-known experts in ancient ceramics held that: “The imitation glaze is jade, and the style is realistic. It can be comparable to the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln collected by the Beijing Palace Museum and the Shanghai Museum.”

Since then, He Haozhuang’s works have frequently won awards such as the Gold Medal at the China International Exposition and have gone abroad. A Japanese official porcelain fan hopes to use a factory to exchange the firing formula for the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain. He Haozhuang refused: “The Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain was born in China. I want to watch it pass down in China.”

Dialogue He Haozhuang -

The contemporary Northern Song Guan porcelain should walk on two legs. Guangzhou Daily: The Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain is based on the model of Xuanhe Bogu map. Can it not be overstepped today?

He Haozhuang: Our current Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain works are mainly divided into two parts: one is the high imitation porcelain, mainly the ritual instrument of the Northern Song Dynasty, practicality is not strong, the collection is recognized, so this part of the work to find the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain The feeling of being handed down to the world must be based on ancient maps. At the same time, we also developed a number of gift porcelains, which are more innovative and rich in modern life.

Guangzhou Daily: Some people say that the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain has far less influence than porcelain enamel and porcelain enamel. Is this? What do you think the future of Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain should be?

He Haozhuang: Yes. I think that the influence of official porcelain in contemporary Northern Song Dynasty is relatively weak. The main reason is that high imitation products were not accepted by society at the very beginning, but the root cause is that people have too little knowledge of the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain. "The only way to burn is to provide for extreme use, the solemn importance of the official kiln name," "know official ceramic surface, Jiangshan sit half", these ancient poems not only explain the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain dignity, but also shows that the official porcelain raising in the deep palace The people are not known, only for the royal family. Even the rewards given to ministers are not possible, let alone circulation. The literati and literati in the history have not succeeded in the true face of the Northern Song Dynasty official ceremonies, so the records are very few. There are more than 20 pieces of contemporary handed down articles at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, more than 10 pieces of the Palace Museum in Beijing, and several pieces of Shanghai Museum. Since people lack understanding of it, they need to have a process of acceptance. Unlike porcelain enamels and porcelain enamels, social recognition is high, so sales are large.

In order to solve this situation, I thought that the contemporary development of the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain should walk on two legs. It is to develop more household porcelain and gift porcelain. These ordinary people can afford it and let the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain resemble Wang Xietang's former Yan. They also flew into the homes of ordinary people and raised everyone’s aesthetic tastes. It would be easier for them to accept high imitations.

Guangzhou Daily: The same royal porcelain, do you think the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain and Southern Song Dynasty official porcelain in the craft level, art style, what kind of difference?

He Haozhuang: In general, the Northern Song Dynasty Guanzi porcelain glaze soft and smooth, enamel thick and smooth, exudes the brilliance of the jade; Southern Song official glaze is bright, Ying Che, it seems that one can see the glaze. In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain of the fetal color is relatively shallow, Southern Song official porcelain fetal color is relatively deep; Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain shape is relatively simple and dignified, the Southern Song Dynasty official porcelain shape must be more beautiful.

Guangzhou Daily: What do you think about the prospects of contemporary Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain?

He Haozhuang: Now people are more appreciative of Gao Kui porcelain. Guanxi Porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty was the originator of Chinese imperial porcelain. Its unadorned simplicity matched the spirit of the Chinese nation, so more and more people like it. As there are few handed down items, people's consciousness gradually changes and they attach importance to the high imitations of contemporary masters. My personal one-year work was also one to twenty, basically being booked in the previous year. In Taiwan, Kaifeng’s official porcelain high imitation goods are also sold at the highest price, which is many times higher than that of Taipei’s National Palace Museum. This is mainly because of its good quality. In addition, the Northern Song Dynasty official porcelain firing is indeed more difficult than other porcelain series, I once burned porcelain and ceramics in their own studio, the enamel production rate is much higher, the official porcelain high imitation goods rate That is 30% to 40%.

I think that the collection of official porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty requires a good understanding of the official porcelain culture. We can see clearly whether the style of the artifacts is in the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the enamel is not like jade. At the same time, whether the patterns are as natural as the clouds. As long as we study it carefully, we will certainly find something good.

Mr. He Haozhuang: Master of Chinese folk arts and crafts, a UNESCO arts and crafts artist, an outstanding inheritor of intangible cultural heritage, a scientific progress award of the Ministry of Light Industry, and a winner of the Arts and Flowers Award. He Haozhuang has made extraordinary contributions to the development of Chinese ceramic art. The millennium of Northern Song Dynasty Guan porcelain regained a new life in his research room.

Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty Qingbai Porcelain Sprinkles and Bronze Porcelain Appreciation Essays/Figure Huang Weiwen The Song Dynasty Jingdezhen Qingbai porcelain is very rich in shape, and the characteristics of the times are obvious. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the utensils were most representative in terms of bulging belly bowls, combination wine utensils and various porcelain boxes. Among them, the note in the wine set is composed of a wine drinker (handling pot) and a warm bowl. The shape is often imitation of gold and silver utensils. The abdomen is generally round or melon-shaped, polygonal, etc., and the lid is made of plastic. With a lion-like lion, the bowl of the bowl is mostly shaped like a lotus petal. The use of various types of blue and white porcelain boxes is to store spices, ink pads, or cosmetics such as rouge used by women, and also to store medicines. Jingdezhen produces a variety of green and white porcelain boxes, which are round, octagonal, melon prismatic, chrysanthemum-shaped, etc. The decoration is plain and grainless, but also a little color or printed decoration.

From the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen Qingbai Porcelain was produced in the same variety of bowls and dishes as other dishes. Bottles, jars, pots, pots, ovens, boxes, etc. Device. Bowls are mostly sunflower mouths, shallow arc walls, and small circle feet. In order to adapt to the prevailing tea drinking habits, oblique wall small bowls are also known as tea pods. Manguk Bowl has appeared in the middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty, but it is rare. In the Southern Song Dynasty, with the method of loading, the use of the combination of ring-covered burning method, the Manguk bowl appeared in large quantities. The shape of the bowls of the Southern Song Dynasty includes straight arc walls, extravagant arc walls, and oblique arc walls. All kinds of blue and white porcelain are special products produced by the Jingdezhen kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, the Buddhist figures, the literary warriors, and the folk deities have performed. The porcelain sculptures of the Song Dynasty are like realistic styles, and the secularized tendencies are obvious.

In the glaze characteristics, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, due to the poor control of the reducing atmosphere in the kiln, the porcelain had poor fetal quality and glaze transparency, and the glaze was mostly yellowish. The baking techniques of the Southern Song Dynasty were very mature. The glaze colors of the products were mostly white and blue, and the enamel was moist and had a strong jade texture. The glaze had excellent transparency and the beauty of the underglaze pattern was even more beautiful.

In the method of decorating utensils, influenced by the Yaozhou Kiln in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, carving patterns were mainly used to engrave the flowers, and the theme of ornamentation was relatively simple. Generally, they were mostly flowers, clouds, water waves, veins, etc. The commonly known as "half knife mud" method, knife sharp and vigorous, free and easy.篦 纹 纹 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即 即. In the Southern Song Dynasty, with the popularization of the overlying combination of bezels, the decoration of bowls, plates, and other rounders used a large number of printing methods. The layout and content of printed decorative patterns were similar to those of fixed kiln utensils, and the decorative motifs were abundant. Fish, quail, pheasant, pheasant, geese, ducks, deer, peony, plum, chrysanthemum, bamboo, cherry, pomegranate, litchi, peach, bluegrass and so on.

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