The basic method of Chinese ancient jade identification

In addition to grasping the basic characteristics of the jade wares and the types of jade articles in various historical periods, it is necessary to read more archaeological reports of unearthed jade articles, and select cultural museums and archaeological sites with high reputation. The officially published jade catalogue is in hand for reading at any time, and it is often necessary to go to the museum where the jade articles of this period are collected to observe the objects, and to memorize the details of the materials, shapes, patterns, carvings and other details of the jade artifacts. . If you have the conditions and opportunities to get to know the jade that is officially archaeological or expertly recognized, it is the best way to enhance your perceptual knowledge. More importantly, based on the experience of predecessors and contemporary experts who are generally recognized, master a set of basic methods suitable for their own scientific and practical ancient jade identification.

First of all, it is necessary to be familiar with the archaeological culture of the Neolithic Age and the material characteristics of jade articles in various periods in history, and to accurately understand and master the texture, color, hardness, transparency, luster and other physical properties of commonly used jade materials. For example, the selection of Hongshan culture jade is mainly the amphibole jade in the area of ​​Xiuyan, including “old jade” and “He Moyu”.

“Old jade” includes both primary and secondary mines. Primary ore is the amphibole jade produced from the original mine at the top of the fine jade trench in Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province. The reason why it is called "old" is because there is an ancient jade mine pit on the mountain, which indicates that it has a long history of mining, and it is also different from what people usually call the shale serpentine jade, which is mainly produced in the gully.

“He Mo Yu” is a kind of old jade, which is a variety of its secondary mine. It refers to the amphibole gravel in the bottom of the Baisha River valley in the concave land on both sides of the fine jade valley or on the east side of the Jingyugou ditch and the gravel layer in the first terrace of the two banks. Hundreds of millions of years ago, the original jade mine on the top of the top of the Xiuyugou head was exposed to the surface and became a blocky jade ore of different sizes. After being rushed down the mountain by the mountain flood, it was rolled and rubbed together with the rocks in the various rolling rivers. It has been called a river mill jade because it has been ground into gravel without edges and corners. The surface of the jade body is formed by stone immersion, weathering and other reasons, and the surface looks like ordinary stone, so some people call it "Shibaoyu".

The river jade is surrounded by stone skin, which is divided into green, yellow and white. The yellow and white jade are the best. The jade is pure, tough and strong, and it is comparable to Xinjiang Hetian jade. In the process of jade, the surface of the jade tends to form a layer of oxides, so the river jade usually has reddish brown and yellowish brown, khaki and brownish black skins. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Xiuyan nephrite choppers were unearthed 12,000 years ago at the site of the Xianren Cave in Xiaogushan, Haicheng City, Liaoning Province.

In addition, it is distributed in the western part of Liaoning Province and the southeastern part of Inner Mongolia. The Chahai-Xinglongyu culture in the middle of the Neolithic Age, the Hongshan culture in the late Neolithic period, and the jadeware used by the ancestors who entered the lower culture of the Xiajiadian in the early Bronze Age, The vast majority are Xiuyan amphibole. Therefore, the identification of ancient jade, knowing its commonly used materials is the basis of identification.

Second, familiar with the modeling features and usage methods of jade articles in the Neolithic Age and in various periods of history, is the main step in the identification of ancient jade articles. In the Neolithic Age, the regionality of jade is its main feature. The "C"-shaped dragon, pig dragon, horseshoe-shaped hoop, hook-shaped cloud-shaped device, dragonfly and double dragon head in Hongshan culture jade are distinctive, and are not seen in other archaeological cultures in prehistoric times. Although the function of some of the jade articles is quite controversial in the academic world, the original religious nature of these representative jade articles is inseparable from the privilege of the clan chiefs. Therefore, when identifying the Hongshan culture jade, it is necessary to know which types of jade are present in this archaeological culture, their size and size, the details of the shape, and analyze each type of instrument from the archaeological report. The use of the shape, the amount of use, and the difference in their materials are easily overlooked by others, forming their own set of identification methods.

Third, the style of the times in the era is a key to the identification of ancient jade. Jade is a product of social development to a certain stage. Therefore, to grasp the state of spiritual culture of people in the same period, we can understand why a certain type of jade is produced at this stage rather than at the same stage, and then understand the overall style of jade in this period. People in the Hongshan culture period are at the threshold of the Chinese civilization. The special shapes of the jade "C" shaped dragon, pig dragon, "Y" shape, hook cloud shape, etc. are all direct reactions of the spiritual and cultural conditions at that time. It is by no means a fever and impulse of people's minds. Nowadays, people have not experienced the spiritual world of people at that time, and thus it is impossible to create a jade that conforms to the psychology of the people at that time. Therefore, in addition to deliberately imitating and speculating that there is no other way, the "Hongshan culture jade" produced is nothing but non-negligible, at most It looks like it. Therefore, studying and understanding the background of the ancient jade creation is very important for learners to identify ancient jade.

Fourth, the jade ornamentation and residual production traces are the most intuitive basis for identification. When the ancients made jade articles, the production of ornamentation was by no means just a good-looking one, and most of them had their special inner meanings. The longer they were, the more they were. Because ancient jade articles were produced for a long time, they did not retain a complete set of processing tools for future generations to understand. The procedures and methods for writing jade processing in the text were only after the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and it was only a few hundred years ago. Therefore, any traces left on the surface of jade are the best clues for the study of ancient jade, and therefore become a powerful basis for the identification of ancient jade.

The carving technique of Hongshan culture jade is very particular and has distinctive features. The surface of the jade is rarely decorated with patterns, such as the mesh pattern of the forehead of the "C"-shaped dragon, the line pattern of the pig's longan, the ear and the mouth, and the hollowing out of the hook and the performance of the snoring technique. Eyebrows, "eyes", "tooth", etc., after careful observation and research, these patterns should have special meanings. There are a set of mature procedures and tools for making these patterns; jade, jade, etc. The hollow material traces are the best evidence for the research tools and techniques of studying Hongshan culture jade.

There are also connoisseurs with high practical experience and high level of cognition in the authenticity of ancient jade. Their views are also worth learning. Such as the so-called "pachet", "hand", "old jade new work" and so on.

Padding: The term paking has existed in the literature of the Qing Dynasty. It should refer to the characteristics of the hull on the surface of jade. There are many reasons for its formation, mainly for ochre and disc color. The ochre refers to the jade burial in the ground, or in the process of handing down the world. Due to the influence of the surrounding environment (including the burial environment, storage conditions, etc.), a layer of color changes on the surface of the jade, white, rust, dark yellow, black, green, white, water, rust, rust Hey, some people call bloody, dark yellow called soil, the reason for the formation of ochre is very complicated, generally formed along the jade dyeing and weathering process, and because of the different times and different areas of jade burial, in general, the jade wares before the Han Dynasty The color is heavier, and the jade wares unearthed in the south are called jade wares from the wet soil, and the leeches are heavier. Hongshan jade is called jade ware by some people in the north, or it is innocent, or white enamel, or rust rust, or dark yellow enamel. The ochre is generally less, and a small amount of jade is a heavier white or brown enamel.

At hand: Generally refers to the sense of weight that the jade holds in the hand. Compared with imitation jade materials such as glass and plastic, jade has a higher density, that is, heavier at hand. Many imitation jade can be vividly in all aspects of shape, ornamentation, color, brightness, etc., but it is in the hand, but it is light and floating. Feel: refers to the nature of jade inert to temperature changes. Most of the common jade materials are crystalline aggregates, which have good heat transfer properties. Therefore, when you touch jade, you will feel cold. However, some imitations are made of glass or plastic, and they are touched by hand, and the chilly feeling disappears quickly. Brightness: There are two kinds of jade brilliance, one is called “glue bright”, which means that after the jade pieces are finished, the wax is not directly polished by the polishing cover. The "highlighting" means that after the jade pieces have finished the plastic bottles, they are first brightened with a polishing powder and then waxed.

Old jade new work: refers to jade articles made by modern people using ancient jade artifacts or old jade materials and ancient jade pieces. When the characteristics of the modeling, ornamentation and crafts are in line with the characteristics of the ancient jade era, it is also necessary to judge whether the jade is imitation, which is mainly due to the understanding of the new and old jade.

In addition, natural science methods should be actively introduced to judge jade materials, origins and jade crafts. Since the introduction of scanning electron microscopy, mid-infrared spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy and other physical methods, the microstructure and mineral composition of jade materials have been solved. The determination of the mineral composition of the famous jade area from Xinjiang Hetian, Qinghai Kunlun Mountain, Liaoning Xiuyan, Henan Nanyang, Taitung Hualien, etc., provides reliable comparison data for the determination of the origin of the ancient jade materials unearthed, and then simulation experiments and micro-marks Research has solved the long-standing debate about wire cutting and boring, hand cutting and engraving.

In short, the identification of ancient jade, including the combination of theory and practice, after a long period of actual exploration, find out the law of its historical development, and then summed up a set of practical methods, and continue to summarize in practice, no By being bound by the inherent creed, we can make a breakthrough and make a difference.

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